The contract of conciliation in financial Treatments and in the Islamic feqh PDF |
| Osaid salah oudeh samhan |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. abd al-menim abu qahouk - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 141 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The researcher has concerned with the meaniy of the conciliation in language and AL-shareah then the researcher has clarified the importance , the main elements and the aim of this contract . The researcher clarified the structure of this contract in some financial treatment in the Islamic feqh . Whether they are in exchanging contract , aid contract or the treatments that are constructed on the marriage contract or the financial treatments that follow the death . The researcher has concluted his study talking about the main effects of this contract, ther tallsed about the dropping and the obligatory of this contract , further more he talks about canceling it , there he implied practical issues about this contract. |
Wednesday, February 3, 2010
The contract of conciliation in financial Treatments and in the Islamic feqh
Effect of Final Date on the Regulations of Rent Contract A Comparative Study between Islamic Laws and Civil Law.n
Effect of Final Date on the Regulations of Rent Contract A Comparative Study between Islamic Laws and Civil Law.n PDF |
| Mohammad Mahdi Wafiq Al-Sa'eh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Ahmad Zaid Al-Kilani - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 156 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Thank God Almighty and all blessings and Glory on our Prophet, may God bless him. Learners of Islamic jurisdiction and Civil one were interested on the Rent Contract, and they took it seriously to the degree they considered it as one of the named contracts. The most significant characteristics of this contract is timing, or the final date, as it is a vital factor that distinguishes the rent contract from the other contracts, and the full knowledge of its terms is an important conditions for its accuracy. Rent contract is one of the necessary contracts, as no partner can deny it alone by himself, and .it is denied by certain reasons as the absence of any gain from the contract or the mutual agreement. It is natural that the contract comes to its end by coming to the end of the scheduled date, but there are two cases where the rent contract remains valid, the first is the understood agreement between the two parties, the matter called by the learners as silent renewal of the contract, the second case comes without the acceptance of the parties, but it is renewed for necessity or through the law regulations. At the forward part of my study I dealt with defining the rent contract, its legality and types. In the first chapter I discussed the importance of timing at contracts, as rent contract, and the knowledge of the final date is a condition of the contracts validity, and that the ignorance of timing denies the contract. In the second chapter of the study the methods of ending the contract at the Islamic and Civil regulations. Then I compared the two laws. At the third chapter I discussed the Islamic and Civil law point of view about the automatic renewal of the contract, compared them, then discussed the same point of view of the Islamic and Civil laws about adding time for the contract period and compared them. Finally, I put forward the conclusions and the recommendations I achieved, asking God to help me. |
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative / Contrastive Study
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative / Contrastive Study PDF |
| Ishrateh, Mahmoud Khaleel Mahmoud |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Odeh Odeh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study investigates the notion of cognitive synonyms in literary works in English-Arabic translation. In order to highlight the problem under discussion, the study explores the translation of some cognitive lexical items in their original context of use. The researcher takes these cognitive synonyms from Shakespeare's Macbeth as a case study. This comparative/ contrastive study focuses on how cognitive synonyms are translated by four translators of Shakespeare's play: Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, Khalil Mutran, Farid Abu-Hadid and Hussein Ameen. The present study argues that cognitive synonyms are harder to translate than any other lexical items due to some subtle differences that exist between cognitive synonyms. Shakespeare sometimes associates fine-grained semantic connotations with words. Synonyms are used to convey certain implications. Differences in meaning or use among pairs of synonyms are claimed to be context-dependent. The context is the only criterion for selecting appropriate words. There are many occasions when one word is appropriate in a sentence, but its synonyms will be odd. In literary texts where synonyms are used to convey certain implications, translators can provide formal, functional or ideational equivalence. The study reveals the different idiosyncrasies and translation styles of different translators of Macbeth. This comparative/ contrastive translation study shows that the four translations included in the research fall into two categories. On the one hand, the translations of Jabra and Abu-Hadid reveal a tendency toward formal equivalence. On the other hand, Mutran and Ameen prefer ideational equivalence. The study shows that formal equivalence should be used as long as it secures the intended meaning; otherwise, functional or ideational equivalence must be provided. The researcher believes that it is impossible to separate the conceptual meaning from the connotative meaning because an essential role of the word is the impression it gives to the reader. The researcher discusses also word-strings involving two cognitive synonyms or more, identifying their functions, and pinpointing the obstacles of this phenomenon for translation. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first introduces the types of synonymy, function of synonyms, statement of the problem, significance of the study and methodology of research. The second deals with the review of literature and related studies. The third focuses on the analysis of cognitive synonyms and translation styles. The fourth chapter provides some conclusions and recommendations. |
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative / Contrastive Study
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative / Contrastive Study PDF |
| Ishrateh, Mahmoud Khaleel Mahmoud |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Odeh Odeh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study investigates the notion of cognitive synonyms in literary works in English-Arabic translation. In order to highlight the problem under discussion, the study explores the translation of some cognitive lexical items in their original context of use. The researcher takes these cognitive synonyms from Shakespeare's Macbeth as a case study. This comparative/ contrastive study focuses on how cognitive synonyms are translated by four translators of Shakespeare's play: Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, Khalil Mutran, Farid Abu-Hadid and Hussein Ameen. The present study argues that cognitive synonyms are harder to translate than any other lexical items due to some subtle differences that exist between cognitive synonyms. Shakespeare sometimes associates fine-grained semantic connotations with words. Synonyms are used to convey certain implications. Differences in meaning or use among pairs of synonyms are claimed to be context-dependent. The context is the only criterion for selecting appropriate words. There are many occasions when one word is appropriate in a sentence, but its synonyms will be odd. In literary texts where synonyms are used to convey certain implications, translators can provide formal, functional or ideational equivalence. The study reveals the different idiosyncrasies and translation styles of different translators of Macbeth. This comparative/ contrastive translation study shows that the four translations included in the research fall into two categories. On the one hand, the translations of Jabra and Abu-Hadid reveal a tendency toward formal equivalence. On the other hand, Mutran and Ameen prefer ideational equivalence. The study shows that formal equivalence should be used as long as it secures the intended meaning; otherwise, functional or ideational equivalence must be provided. The researcher believes that it is impossible to separate the conceptual meaning from the connotative meaning because an essential role of the word is the impression it gives to the reader. The researcher discusses also word-strings involving two cognitive synonyms or more, identifying their functions, and pinpointing the obstacles of this phenomenon for translation. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The first introduces the types of synonymy, function of synonyms, statement of the problem, significance of the study and methodology of research. The second deals with the review of literature and related studies. The third focuses on the analysis of cognitive synonyms and translation styles. The fourth chapter provides some conclusions and recommendations. |
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative/ Contrastive Study
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative/ Contrastive Study PDF |
| Mahmoud Khaleel Mahmoud Ishrateh |
|
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| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Odeh Odeh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Odeh Odeh/ Supervisor 2. Dr. Basem Ra'ad/ External Examiner 3. Dr. Ruqqaya Herzallah/ Internal Examiner |
| 174 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The Translatability of Cognitive Synonyms in Shakespeare's Macbeth: A Comparative/ Contrastive Study By Mahmoud Khaleel Mahmoud Ishrateh Supervisor Dr. Odeh Odeh Abstract
This study investigates the notion of cognitive synonyms in literary works in English-Arabic translation. In order to highlight the problem under discussion, the study explores the translation of some cognitive lexical items in their original context of use. The researcher takes these cognitive synonyms from Shakespeare's Macbeth as a case study. This comparative/ contrastive study focuses on how cognitive synonyms are translated by four translators of Shakespeare's play: Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, Khalil Mutran, Farid Abu-Hadid and Hussein Ameen. The present study argues that cognitive synonyms are harder to translate than any other lexical items due to some subtle differences that exist between cognitive synonyms. Shakespeare sometimes associates fine-grained semantic connotations with words. Synonyms are used to convey certain implications. Differences in meaning or use among pairs of synonyms are claimed to be context-dependent. The context is the only criterion for selecting appropriate words. There are many occasions when one word is appropriate in a sentence, but its synonyms will be odd. < |
Abu- Dīb 's Translation of Orientalism
Abu- Dīb 's Translation of Orientalism: PDF |
| Nadia Ali Khalil Hamad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nabil A'lawi - د. عبد الكريم دراغمة |
| Discussion Commity |
| 200 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract
Despite the flourishing movement of translation in the Arab world throughout the 20th century, few studies, if any, were produced, as hoc, on criticism and evaluation of such translations. Among these translations, the translation of Edward W. Said's Orientalism deserves special attention: it was translated into 36 languages including Arabic. The Arabic translation by the famous poet, critic and translator, Kamal Abu-Dib, was reprinted many times after its first edition in 1981. yet, concern was shown regarding some problems in the translation of this excellent work by some readers and translators.
Drawing on the progress, achieved in the last few decades, in linguistics studies, especially in text-linguistics and related studies in translation, this study aims to ascertain salient problems in the Arabic translation of Orientalism, on the graphical, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels, and to suggest solutions where possible.
The study will also investigate the consistency of the methodology adopted by the translator, evaluated the translation, and give recommendations that may benefit new Arabic editions of the book and Arabic translation, in general.
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The Poetic Movement in Andalucia (The Era of Beni-Al-Ahmer)
The Poetic Movement in Andalucia (The Era of Beni-Al-Ahmer) PDF |
| Aymen Yousef Ibrahim Jarrar |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Dr. Wa;il Abu-Saleh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 255 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The poetic movement flourished in the kingdom of "Bani Al – Ahmar" which wad established in 637 hejri within many conditions. The most important of which was the political aspect which came as a supporter for a variety of poetic purposes; at the foreground of which were the poetry of fighting for the sake of Allah "Al - Jihad"، and raising the potentials of people. The one who is following up the incidents that took place in that kingdom can obviously see that it passed three stages that had a clear influence in the spread of some poetic purposes more than the other ones: The first stage: This stage is described as having a spread of the enthusiastic poetry that calls for going back to religion and gaining what was lost of the cities of Al – Andalus. This stage lasted five centuries. The second stage: In it، prosperity and wealth spread all over the kingdom. The poetry of wine and compliment as well as the life of luxury shaped this stage that lasted about five centuries. The third stage: It is considered the last stage that is described as having the retreat and fall down. There is also a return to the poetry of enthusiasm and condoling cities. The nature played an important role in the prosperity of this movement. Granada was famous of having a beautiful nature since it had a lot of water، gardens and marvelous palaces. The kings of "Sons of Al - Ahmar" did the same as their former kings of Al – Andalus in that they encouraged arts and sciences and built palaces in which literary meetings and poetic arts were held. These appeared in this era which were the same as the ones in the previous eras. In the forground of which came the description of nature. In its laps، the poets wrote the poems of win and flirt. The poetry of fighting for the sake of Allah "Al - Jihad" boomed as a result of the acceleration that happened in losing their cities. So، they hurried to motivate and strengthen the potentials of people to gain back these lost cities. Their poems of compliment focused mostly on clarifying the kinship of their kings that reached to the honoured companion Sa’d Ibn Obada Al – Ansari. Their poetry came fresh and smooth، and had kind examples of metaphors and imaginations that cheered hearts. Also، their poets took care of ornamenting their vocabularies، so they obtained different language styles like alliteration، antethesis، quoting in addition to other kinds of eloquence، rhetoric. All these made their vocabularies suitable for the meanings they aimed to convey. Moreover، they used poetic styles which suited their real situation. Mostly، they used the styles of Al – Kamel Al – Wafer، At – taweel and Al – baseet. |
Mind and Senses Lexicons in the Holy Quran
Mind and Senses Lexicons in the Holy Quran PDF |
| Siham Mohammed Ahmed Al Asmer |
| Supervisor(s) |
| PhD. Yehya Jaber - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Thanks to Allah, and peace on his prophet, This study was arranged in an introduction, three main chapters, and a conclusion. The introduction approached the importance of language in human life. Furthermore, the study focus on the status of Arabic language; the language of the holy Quran, the title of the study was "dictionary of lexicons of mind and senses: a statistical study. The first chapter of the study, made the theoretical background with a title "lexicons of mind and senses between philosophers and linguists". It also included a discussion of vocabulary of realization and awareness that took its origin from the Greek philosophy with an Islamic style, most of the time, a cross-opinions approach between the variouse linguists which shows the points of agreement and disagreements. The second chapter: in this chapter the dictionary was divided into similar somatic groups, the dissection of lexicons semantics and its origin in the Arabic dictionaries, moreover, a linking was made between most dictionary lexicons and their meaning in concrete form, and its epistemological and its developments into their abstract form. The third chapter contained a statistical tabulation, and divided them into two tables of contents, the former is concerned with mind and senses lexsicons in alphabetical order, supported with variouse occurrences in the holy Quran, the latter, is a statistical tabulation that shows the numbers of words occurrences in the Quran, their derivations and their madani and maki classifications. Finally, the study ended with a conclusion that focuses on the main themes and summarizes the study's main results, while comparing the results of previous studies.
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Israeli Apartheid Wall in International Law ht
Israeli Apartheid Wall in International Law PDF |
| Reem Tayseer Al-Arda |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Basel Mansor - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 150 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract My thesis deals with every complicated issue in Palestinians life that is, the wall which most of was constructed on the Palestinians lands. Before this in advanced chapter I have discussed the historical roofs of this wall to prove that it is not for fighting terrorism and explosive attacks inside Israel as Israel claims but the other real purposes are to creat anew accomplished fact and new boarders that might not be changed. In the first chapter I have handled the legality of the wall which is the content of the subject where I present that the construction of the wall on the occupied Palestinian lands is against the inter national law and against all the International traditions and treaties especially the united National convention of human rights and any other related international agreements. More over I handeted in this chapter the united Nations attitude towards the wall's issue especially (security council and General Assembly), I have deduced that General Assembly attiude is stronger and greater than that of the security council which always restricted the right of -veto-when the attitude is for the Palestinian national interest. The second chapter is specialized to discuss the international attitudes towards the wall. I noticed an obvious difference among these attitudes, some of them agree, others disagree and third is a moderate. The states which have common interest, with Israel have attitude to those witch sympathize with the Palestinians issue. I also found that the Arabic states attitude is no more than condemning and deluging and silence. But according to the Palestinian attitude which is the stronger because some issues that are directly related to the wall when they are positive or negative in terms of Israeli attitude towards the wall they are two attitudes one the them agree the other disagree the idea to constrict the wall on the occupied Palestinians lanes. At third chapter I have deled the role of international court of Justice in Lahai in terms of which was constructed on the occupied Palestinian lands. This role was very strong since it issued a resolution to destroy the built parts of this wall, to compensate for their damages because of the wall and to stop the constructing work and this means that the resolution is for the Palestinian interest. This resolution consists of 150 pages, but I didn't discuss it in details because of the resented number of pages of thesis. I neatened only the most important points which demand from Israel to destroy the wall. In the same chapter I have discussed the authority of international court of Justice to issue such are solution in term of the wall or not because Israel and other states were against this court and they have suspected in the court authority for many reasons imentroned them in details in third section of this chapter. At the end of the third chapter I have discussed the political and legal importance of the resolution that issued by the international court of Justice which is considered as a victory to the Palestinian Nation. In the concluding section I have discussed all my general deductions on all the aspect of thesis. |
The Legal Protection to the Delinquent Juveniles in the Palestinian Legistlations
The Legal Protection to the Delinquent Juveniles in the Palestinian Legistlations PDF |
| Mohammad Zeead Mohammad Abdelrahman |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nail Thah - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 171 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This research cares about the future, not at the scientific level or the cultural fascination that the scientists and the renewal seekers look at. We deal with an accurate material thing that we can't program it or calculate it as what scientists of mathematics and the physics do, and we can't mix it with chemical substances then this interaction produces what we want from the pure gold. The material that we are talking about is a rare kind that we should study precisely and carefully. They are the nucleus of the society, the basis of the progress of the nations and the peoples. They are the youngs as we call them by our language or the juveniles as the jurists like us want to call them. The axis of this study is the ability of protecting them and revealing the reasons that make them other than that we want from them or other than that the society wants from them, and sometimes the society wants sticking to them but the result is without a good effect, not as the society or experts want. Therefore there was no escape from summarizing the better solutions by following the legal ways. Since the law has a significant importance in the peoples life, because it directs their matters in a form that achieves them a kind of justice and equality and it returns their lost rights, the law has been the solution to the young cases, the social inspirer and the propulsive guide to the straight path and towards a better society. There was no escape from studying this condition in order and with care, starting from the meaning and the definition of the juvenile. The juvenile in the linguistic side in Arabic is a word means the modernism and the modernism in every thing, and the intended juvenile is the new the human beings or the young. As for the psychologists were different from the language scientists in it is not in the youngness idea but in the estimation of the age of the young, then the psychological and social considered that the arrogance includes the amount of the psychological maturity and not basically the age, and that the age is nothing but a time census. For the Islamic Sharia, it was estimating the age of the young or the juvenile physically, that is the age of the juvenile is determined at the maturity namely at the puberty. Thereafter the Islam treated that who attains the puberty as a matured ,and consequently Islam did not allow the negligence with that one about all of his sustenance and his actions and even his thinking. As for the law, it has its special consideration and special thinking and sometimes its makers differed or met on its bases or its texts or even on defining the age of the juvenile. The Palestinian law considered the definition of the juvenile regardless of age of the young or the juvenile, and many legislations are with the Palestinian lawmaker in this naming and definition. When we want to discuss the responsibility of the juvenile in every stage of his age, we cant neglect criminal liability whose basis has been the product of many theories. Some of there theories believe that the basis of the criminal liability comes from the ones own choice, other theories believe in another principle called the obligation ,which means the that the natural, social, psychological and environmental circumstances control the behaviors of the juvenile, consequently the external factors push the individual or the juvenile to commit crimes or violate the law. But both of the choice and the obligation theories didn’t seem to be satisfying to many jurists, and here comes the agreement theory that mixes between both theories and believes that the actions of the juvenile result from his choice for doing them, but without neglecting the external factors namely the social and psychological factor and the environmental ones that push the juvenile to commit a crime. Although this theory is the more suitable, the Palestinian law took hold of the choice theory exclusively. From the legal aspect, the criminal liability differs from an age to an another, and so do its legal responsibilities. The lawmaker has decided the non presence of responsibility or abstention of criminal liability to the juvenile from the beginning of his birth and before he reaches the age of seven, thereby the law does not recognize any action resulting from a juvenile that did not reach the age of seven years, The lesson from that are that the doer is a person who isn't capable to realize the validity of his actions. As for the one who reached the age of seven and until twelve, the law punishes him for his criminal actions and made the punishment by putting the precautionary measures and the reformatory arrangements to prevent the juvenile from committing new criminal actions. The law has emphasized the measures that are taken in the juvenile whose exceeds twelve and before he completes the age of fifteen, by putting reforming and precautionary measures, But with the possibility of putting the juvenile in a reformatory. For the delinquent juveniles who did not reach the age of eighteen and their ages aren’t less than fifteen, the lawmakers have assumed for this category the availability of the incomplete penal capacity, but with deciding a necessary diluted excuse, and that in case of committing crime whether was a felony or a misdemeanor or a violation . And at the same time they allow some precautionary measures working to this category according to specific cases. The measures of the pursuit and investigation related to the juvenile have different rules from what have been explained about the laws and rules dealing with the delinquent juveniles , that is because of the non the presence delinquent of laws specialized in juvenile pans. The law has given the power to the policemen for pursuiting the delinquent juveniles with the adult criminals, and the commissioners of the judicial seizing undertake the search and the investigation about the crimes, their perpetrators and the collection of evidences that are necessary for the investigation. The law did not require a special competent authority to the follow-up of a special category like the juveniles for collecting the information and evidences, and that have been complementary to what came in the juvenile reform law applied in The West Bank And the criminals law for the young applied in Gaza Strip. The treatment and the measures that are taken against the juveniles in the primary investigation are different from those that are taken with the adults considering that the lawmaker tries to treat the juveniles and not to punish them on their actions, nevertheless the lawmaker did not differentiate in the taken measures against the delinquent juveniles. The applied legal rules in Palestine regarding to the delinquent juveniles didn’t treat the subject of the primary investigation whether that was in the side that possesses the authorities of the investigation with the juveniles or in the measures whose taking is necessary in this subject. However it has put special rules that guarantee a protection to the juveniles and between these rules what is related to the detaining or what it expresses by the provisional detention. As for the detention, the law has allowed detaining the juvenile, then the accused juvenile can be released with commitment signed by his ruler or guardian, but from the right of the commissioner of the judicial seizing arresting him until he is taken to the prosecution in the felonies or the juvenile interest requires that or that releasing the juvenile may lead to a disorder in the issue courses. The most important measures that are taken against any person whether he is an adult or a juvenile is judgment, and the law did not create competent courts for the juveniles, but the law gave the specialization to the subject courts, and so the juvenile courts are formed from the ordinary courts that have been formed for the ordinary justice as the specialization owner court, taking into consideration some of the matters including its creation place, its formation time, the secrecy quality in the judgments that are being held for the juveniles, with the clarification of the possibility of stopping the sentence execution and what are the reasons leading to the non ability of the execution. The sentence execution in most of the time takes place by sheltering the delinquent juvenile in a place specified for him for spending a period outside the society that he lives in, in order to let the juvenile move according to a new and regular way to polish his behaviors again. It is known that there are houses for the delinquent juveniles, and there are a few in the Palestinian Authority regions, that work under the supervision of the Ministry of Social Affairs. One of these houses is Al Rabee institution, this institution serves in the governorates of Gaza receives delinquent juvenile between the age of 12-18 whether they are sentenced or detained. Another institution is The hope House for the observation and the social welfare, and this institution works at the service of the northern governorates ( The West Bank ) and Jerusalem suburbs and shelters delinquent juvenile whose ages are between 12-18 whether they are sentenced or detained. These institutions are specified for sheltering the male juveniles and not the females, therefore a house specified for the delinquent and homeless females called The Girls Care House, and it works for the service of Gaza Strip, the northern governorates ( The West Bank ) and Jerusalem suburbs. The delinquent juvenile or who represents him has the right to object or appeal the judgment if he a believes that the issued judgment against him isn't right and isn’t accurate. Therefore the lawmaker created a way to the accused juvenile to express his rejection to the judgment, and he law gave him the right in the re- judgment or even in the appealing in the issued judgments against the delinquent juveniles by appealing in all of the final issued judgments in the subject. One important rule that is considered from the general law order is the prescription .Its a right that the sentenced cant give up, because it’s a part of the general law and the complete system. The measures that are followed in the prescription, interruption and the stopping in addition to other measures that followed in dealing with accused adults are also used. |
Urban Agriculture as Tool for City Planning Nablus City as a case Study
Urban Agriculture as Tool for City Planning Nablus City as a case Study PDF |
| Al Hudhud, Husam M. K. |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Ali Abdulhamid; Azzam Tubaileh - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Urbanization is one of the major issues facing mankind today and is in its extent unique in world history. Neither international government bodies nor national or local governments are well prepared to deal appropriately with this development but none of them can afford to ignore this phenomenon. It is expected that by 2020, 40-45% of the poor in the Palestinian territories will be concentrated in towns and cities such as Nablus. The population projections showed that more 424,400 inhabitants will be served by the Metropolitan Nablus municipality in the year 2025. The rapid increase of population almost accompanying with the increase demand on food, space , water, job opportunities and renewable resources. The huge estimated quantities of consumed food by Nablus dwellers estimated in year 2000 at 38,584 tons will defiantly increase making the situation more complicated for the city planner to secure the city from the food consumption point of view, construction of suitable roads, storage facilities, lands for cultivation, and preserving enough water for irrigation. However, in the light of water scarcity which jumped from – 1,322 m³ per year in 2005 into -30,697 m³ per day in year 2025, and the decrease of the per capita available land from 150 m² in year 1989 to 78 m² in year 2000 in the light of high percentage of unemployed inhabitants, will complicate the problems of city planning. This research which aimed at introducing urban agriculture as a tool for city planning have had investigated the impact and methods of such and as appropriate mitigation measure against major city problems in the city planning have a huge important conclusions leading to multiple scenarios to mitigate the problems of immigration of rural people to the city center and against the environmental hazards associated with urbanization such as the increase of solid wastes amounts, untreated waste water and many others. It is important to involve the multiple stakeholders in urban development utilizing urban agriculture as a tool for city planning due to its significant capabilities in preserving the environment, reforming the land use, mitigate random immigration, offering job opportunities. Representatives including municipal departments, NGO's, local leaders, village councils, private sector, academic or research and interested institutions must be involved in the planning processes is essential in order to address the needs and priorities of the different stakeholders involved, as well as the specific socio-economic and political-institutional context in each locality in order to allow better quality decision finding and making, improving likelihood of implementation and give the process a higher credibility for implementation. The local, provincial and national governments play a key role, ensuring the availability and secure tenure of land and water, access to public services, approval of regulations and standards, at the different levels of government are already engaged in many areas of service provision and regulation, such as urban planning, water treatment, waste collection, management of green spaces, which have direct interactions with urban agriculture. Finally, the methodological approach adopted during the preparation of this vital research was including the data gathering and analysis using SWOT analysis techniques and many other calculations using the basic computer software packages. The basic data was collected from different and wide sources of information including newspapers, reports, books, magazines, articles and many others. |
Accessibility Measures to Public Services in Palestinian Cities: The Case of Nablus City
Accessibility Measures to Public Services in Palestinian Cities: The Case of Nablus City PDF |
| Ghrood Ghaleb Subhee Awadeh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Khaled Al-Sahili - د. علي عبد الحميد |
| Discussion Commity |
| 227 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract
The distribution and planning of public services is considered one of the major objectives of city planning due to its direct relation with serving residents, meeting their needs, and their accessibility to these services.
The Palestinian cities in general and Nablus city in particular are suffering from the random distribution of public services without referring to the planning regulations that are based on population density and range of these services. In addition, there is adifficulty for the inhabitants of some residential districts, especially the outer ones and the suburbs, in accessibility to basic services like education and health.
The major aim of this thesis is to study and analyze the current situation of public services in Nablus City as a case study through the application of certain accessibility measures to these services. The methodology of the study was based mainly on the descriptive and analytical methods using the available data and the field survey of public services as well as the results of the questionnaire distributed to a random sample in the city to measure the accessibility and determine the difficulties in access to these services.
The results of the study indicated that there is a medium degree of accessibility to public services for most districts in Nablus City except some suburbs like Kufr Qallil, Zawata, and Roujeeb, which face difficulty in access to these services. Also, the results showed that there is a medium degree of difficulty in most districts and a high degree of difficulty in the suburbs to access to public hospitals.
For other services like public libraries, banks, and post office, the results indicated that there is a medium degree of difficulty in access to such services from most of districts in the city.
The results of the study have referred the difficulty in access to public services in Nablus City to certain factors, the most important being the long distance from public services, traffic congestion, and the absence of public transportation.
The study suggested providing certain public services in specified locations in the city of Nablus so that to cover the shortage in distribution of these services through out the city; and to provide better accessibility for these services to the surrounding neighbourhoods.
The study recommended the necessity of using the accessibility measures as a basic factor in the planning and distribution of public services in the city. In addition, it recommended the necessity of undertaking a traffic plan for arranging the transportation network, and the provision of public transportation service in Nablus City.
Finally, the study recommended the importance of preparing similar studies in other Palestinian cities on the regional scale including the city and its surroundings.
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nalysis and Evaluation of Current Situation of the Food Industries in Nablus Cityin
nalysis and Evaluation of Current Situation of the Food Industries in Nablus Cityin PDF |
| Mahdi Othman Mahmoud Al-Aghber |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ali Abdelhamid - الدكتور عزيز سالم دويك |
| Discussion Commity |
| 121 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract
This study is concerned with the analysis and evaluation of current situation of the food industries in Nablus city in terms of the importance of industrial location, decision making in allocation of industries, as well as identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and available potentials to develop these industries.
The major aim of this thesis is to identify the significant factors that affect the selection of the food industries in Nablus city, and determining the factors that contribute to the development and promotion of these industries.
The methodology of the study is based on the descriptive and analytical research methods, using the tools of the questionnaire and field survey of the locations of food industries in Nablus, and the available data from the related official sources.
The results of the study have indicated that most of the problems and obstacles facing the sector of food industries in Nablus city such as obstacles in importing raw materials and exporting the products are due to political and security condition as well as the measures taken by the Israeli occupation. Also, the study indicated the significance of the competition, capital and transportation cost factors in the selection of the location of these industries.
The study has recommended the necessity of protecting the food industries and both the local and national products. In addition, it emphasized the necessity of making future plans for the food industries in Nablus city in the light of the need of local and national markets, and the requirements of the general planning of the city.
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Planning of Public Services in Cities
Planning of Public Services in Cities PDF |
| Mohammed Ghassan Abdullrahman Abdallah Jurf |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Khaled Qamheih - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 162 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This thesis is concerned with studying the planning of public services in cities in general and in Nablus city in particular, with emphasis on the distribution of these services in Makhfiyeh area as a case study for neighborhood units in the city. The study aims at identifying the status of public services that are required by the residents in the area. These services include educational, health, social, religious, cultural and recreational facilities as well as the public parks. The current situation of the services is analyzed and evaluated in addition to the determination of needs and existing problems. Moreover, certain strategies and proposals concerning the planning and development of these services are given in the light of the population growth and physical expansion of the city and the study area. The methodology of the study is based mainly of the both the descriptive and analytical research methods. The required data were collected from different sources, in addition to the data and descriptive information that were collected through the physical survey of the public services and land uses in the study area. Also, some interviews with experts and related persons in Nablus Municipality were conducted in order to have their opinion about the distribution of public services in Nablus city in general and in Makhfiyeh area in particular. The results of the study indicated that there is a lack in some public services such as educational, health, recreational, social, and cultural services both on the city level and study area level. Also, the results show the crowding of students in classrooms both in schools and in kindergartens. Furthermore, the study indicated the lack of public land for the purposes of establishing public services and facilities in Nablus city. The study has recommended the necessity of providing public services in Makhfiyeh area, particularly recreational, social and cultural services, in the light of population increase in the area. In addition, it recommended the revision of the distribution of public services, mainly educational and health services, in Nablus city as well as the provision of financial sources for sustaining land required for public services through the coordination between the municipality and other related governmental institutions. Finally, the study has emphasized the significance and necessity of considering the planning regulations and standards related to the distribution and allocation of public services in the areas of future expansion in the city in accordance with the expected population size. |
Role of Media and Journalism in Developing
Role of Media and Journalism in Developing PDF |
| Arch. Mohammad J.I Dwaikat |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Khaire Marei - د. سمر الشنار |
| Discussion Commity |
| 168 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This thesis represents a study and documentation to the case of architectural journalism and information in the world, after collecting the articles related to this subject and its evaluation. The researcher studied the mentioned articles via their contents and place of mentioning. And what had been available of experiences in America, Britain and some European Countries. He analyzed their positives and summarized what benefited Palestine on both levels of education and professional practice. He evaluated the goods of the architectural information to prove how it may be invalid instrument in the society to support his saying hypothesis that "The Palestinian architects are in need of attaining their potential capacities to affect the society". The researcher selected this thesis because it forms a coverage not proceeded yet on the Arabic and Palestinian levels, and because of the great default of the architectural objectives in the daily newspapers and media. This study basically aims at contributing in raising the level of the architecture and built environment in Palestine and in ascending awareness of the local society towards their gradually through vision and imagining the architectural information in integrating architecture with media to accomplish continuating and covering the information among architects and society. The researcher ended to that the architectural information has the capability to affect the standing architectural projects and the suggested for promotion. Such analysis like these need to be integrated in the daily newspapers and other media to be able for changing the people's awareness to the fact of architecture as it has an important news and informational role in their way of thinking about the effect of the environment surrounding them. In its end, the paper shows an ideal suggested model through which journalism and architecture cooperate with for the sake of contribution in developing the architecture and built environment in Palestine, and it suggests be a core at An-Najah National University. |
Integrated Water Resources Planning for A water-Stressed Basin in Palestine
Integrated Water Resources Planning for A water-Stressed Basin in Palestine PDF |
| Arafat, Aya R. |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Marwan Haddad; Anan Jayyousi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
In Palestine, failure to account for long-term scenarios of water availability is a concern given the potential for severe drought and the continuing misallocation of water rights and water distributions as well as the lack of policies to support integrated water resources management. Analysis to assess how to design future water resources, facilities, and management scenarios based on future measures and management practices as well as rainfall patterns for Palestine are investigated. This research focuses on building an IWRM model for Al Far'a catchment using WEAP program. After collecting all the required data and studying the existing situation, different scenarios are suggested here. Population growth was taken in to account in this work. The burgeoning population growth in Palestine is crucial to integrated water resources planning and management and is expected to increase the stresses on the already scarce water resources. The last step was calibrating the model to get the best fit model and better accuracy. Projection of these data into the future was approximated through many strenuous built-in relationships in WEAP model to assess the future water states. Thus, annual, and decadal future water availability is projected, characterized, and examined to support efficient and effective scenarios to sustain water resources management. This analysis of scenarios assessment and best management practices evaluation is performed for Al-Far'a watershed. Wherein, integrated water resource planning models that can simultaneously aggregate and process hydrologic and management elements are of paramount importance to aid decision planners evaluate the tradeoffs and priorities under different hydrologic realities and management objectives. The utility of the analysis to highlight the need for alternative water supplies; to quantify groundwater recharge; to evaluate water conservation and fair water allocation policies; and to provide guidelines for future non-traditional water supply projects are also presented and discussed. |
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND THE IMPACT OF ITS USE IN IRRIGATION ON SOIL: THE CASE OF FARIA CATCHMENT
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND THE IMPACT OF ITS USE IN IRRIGATION ON SOIL: THE CASE OF FARIA CATCHMENT PDF |
| Mohammad Subhi Mohammad Abu Baker |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Mohammad N. Almasri - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1. Dr. Mohammad N. Almasri 2. Dr. Amal Hudhud 3. Dr. Marwan Haddad 4. Dr. Anan Jayyousi 5. Dr. Nidal Za'tar |
| 143 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The use of untreated wastewater in irrigation is a common practice in several countries such as Palestine. Since decades, Palestinians in many locations used raw wastewater for irrigation due to several reasons that include: (i) shortage of freshwater resources that can cover there domestic and agricultural needs, (ii) the Israeli control of the available freshwater resources, (iii) the wastewater is of costless value and (iv) the absence of enforceable regulations that restrict the use of wastewater in irrigation. Faria Catchment, Palestine is a representative example of the use of untreated wastewater in agriculture. The goal of this research is to investigate and analyze the quality-related parameters of the wastewater used in irrigation in Faria Catchment. These parameters include pH, EC, Cl-, NO3-N, TP, Mg+2, Ca+2, hardness, HCO3-, Zn+2, K+, Cu+2, BOD5, Na+, SAR and turbidity. A second objective of this research is to compare these parameters with the international standards for using wastewater in irrigation. Thereafter, wastewater impacts on selected soil parameters such as pH, texture, accumulation of heavy metals in soil profiles, total carbon and total nitrogen were investigated. Results show that wastewater quality varies spatially and temporally. However, the values of these parameters are extremely above the permissible limits for using wastewater in irrigation. The doses of industrial wastewater result in extreme values in certain parameters such as SAR, EC and Cl-. The use of wastewater in irrigation shows clear effects on the top soil texture, total carbon and total nitrogen amounts and the accumulation of heavy metals in soil profile especially arsenic, cadmium and lead. |
Iron Deficiency Anemia among Pregnant Women in Nablus District; Prevalence, Knowledge,
Iron Deficiency Anemia among Pregnant Women in Nablus District; Prevalence, Knowledge, PDF |
| Amani Waleed Mahmoud Abu-Hasira |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Na'el Abu-Hasan - د. عبيدة صادق قمحية |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1.Dr. Na'el Abu-Hasan (Chairman) 2.Dr. Obaida Qamhiyeh (Co-supervisor) 3.Dr. Saeed Al-Hamooz (External examiner) 4.Dr. Yahia Faydi (Internal examiner) |
| 57 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The current study aimed to estimate the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among pregnant women who attend governmental antenatal care centers in Nablus district and to explore and assess knowledge, attitude, and practices of pregnant women towards IDA. The study was conducted during the period June- August, 2006 and the sample consisted of 207 pregnant women (207; 110 second trimester, 97 third trimesters) in the age group (17-41) years. Out of 207 participants 137 were city inhabitance and 70 were village residence. Blood samples were collected from each pregnant woman and a questionnaire was completed at the time of blood collection. Hemoglobin (Hb), and serum ferritin were determined, and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS. The overall prevalence rate of iron deficiency anemia was (21.7%). Iron deficiency anemia was most prevalent in the third trimester (69%) compared to second trimester pregnancy (31%). The prevalence rate among city inhabitance (25.5%) was higher that found among village inhabitance (14.3%), however differences in the prevalence rates were of no statistically significant value (P = 0.).
Younger age group (≤ 24) shows the highest prevalence rate of IDA (35.6%) among IDA group. Years of education, working status, number of family members and monthly income seems to have no effect on the status of IDA as working women, those with more years of education, high monthly income and those with large number of family members were with lower prevalence of IDA. Slight increase in the prevalence rates of IDA was found with increased number of pregnancies; however, increased years of spacing did not show this effect. Neither smoking status, nor previous history of chronic disease or weight of last born baby seems to show any association with IDA status. Previous and current use of iron supplements as a main preventive measure for IDA seems to have limited effect in lowering the prevalence rate of IDA, a situation that might be due to problems of compliance or any other hidden factors. Early registration and increased number of visits also found to have no effect on improving the status of IDA; a situation might draw the attention to the role and effectiveness of the health care system in the area. The study showed a high level of knowledge with respect to causes, symptoms, iron rich food sources, importance of iron supplements and iron absorption in relation to IDA among both IDA and non IDA groups. However, poor knowledge was found with respect to the effect of IDA and mother and fetal health and the use of iron supplements and absorption. Highly positive attitudes and practices were also found in respect to the importance of regular visits to maternal care centers, use of iron supplement and multiple pregnancies. In conclusion, although the adopted strategy concerning primary health care seems to be well planned and based on international recommendations, it seems to have no noticeable effect on the improvement of the prevalence of IDA and there is a great need for further health education promotional programs in this respect. |
Utilization of Olive Husk as a Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Portland cement Concrete Mixes for Non-Structural Uses
Utilization of Olive Husk as a Replacement of Fine Aggregate in Portland cement Concrete Mixes for Non-Structural Uses PDF |
| Bani Odi, Iyad Jameel Ahmad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Osama Abaza - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This research aims at partially solving the environmental problem of olive oil wastes (husk & ash) by utilizing this waste in non-structural concrete mixes. On the other hand, this research aims at studying the effects of using olive oil wastes (husk & ash) on the physical properties of Portland cement concrete. To achieve the purpose of this thesis, the following methodology will emphasize and express the physical characteristics of Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) when olive oil waste (Husk) and Burned Husk (Ash) are used in the production of lightweight concrete, the following tests were done: sieve Analysis and specific gravity for coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, olive husk, olive ash. Different percentage replacements of olive husk or ash were used (0, 25, 50, 75, 100) % for concrete grades (PCC150, PCC200, PCC250, PCC300, PCC450), for each grade four samples for each proportion were done to test slump, density and compressive strength. In addition, three samples were prepared for testing absorption, abrasion, noise insulation, and thermal insulation. Results for all percentage replacements of olive husk and ash for all grades were ranging from (23-29) mm for slump. For olive husk and ash (density & compressive strength) are decreased as percentage replacement increases. For water absorption, as percentage replacement by olive husk and olive ash decrease, water absorption increases. For abrasion test, losses in weight due to abrasion increase as a percent replacement of olive husk or ash increases. For noise insulation, sound reduction increases as the percentage replacement of olive husk or ash increases. For thermal insulation, it increases as percent replacement of olive husk increases; however, it decreases as percent replacement of olive ash increases. |
Globalism and its impact on the process of democratic reformation in the Arab World since 1990
Globalism and its impact on the process of democratic reformation in the Arab World since 1990 PDF |
| Fouz Nayef Omar Rehan |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Abdel sattar Qassem - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 194 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
ABSTRACT This study aims at examining the impact extent of globalism in its wider significance on the process of democratic reformation in the Arab Homeland. It does not restrict, as well, to the effort of understanding the essence of globalism throughout exposing several approaches to bring the concept nearer. The study probes it by exposing various supporting and opposing views towards globalism taking into consideration that globalism is one of the most controversial concepts to the extent that it can't be viewed from one angle alone. And we can't point out to joined factors so as to say that this is globalism simply because it pierces through the daily life of the individual in the same extent that it pierces through the economies, policies & cultures of the countries. Globalism is spreading in a horizontal way backed by the technical development which facilitates the task of information flowing and the dissemination of policies around the world. The Arab Homeland has a big share in the interactions of globalism. Yet, the negative ones which deepening the subordination of the Arab Homeland to the west; and aggravating its fierce political & economic crises; leaving it, more than any time before, vulnerable to the external intervention; a thing that the USA has acted quite well, under the pretext of democratizing the Arab World. The USA has demanded the Arab world; and is still, to carry out reformations concerning its economic, political & cultural structure. We can't ignore the extent of the Arab World's chronic need for an operation of fundamental reformation. Yet, the thing that causes suspicion is the American wish to insert reformations under its auspices & provisions. The promised democracy is one in American eyes looking at the Arab Homeland as a penetrable political, economical target; a dilemma the associations have put themselves in throughout their frigidity and lack of response to the popular demands in making real reformations in which the Arab citizen feels safe on himself, his family and future of his children. The formal ignore to the demands of Arab peoples as well as the perpetrations of Arab repressive apparatuses have created oppressed masses already isolated from practicing the public act. The culture of intimidation has overwhelmed the largest number of the Arab peoples' sons in return for guaranteeing a life that is impossible to be called honorable. The Arab countries have occupied their distinguished locations among the lagging countries which are impotent to follow the procession of development creating a new reality that the Arab countries could not coexist with, except outwardly. In the shade of this deteriorated Arab situation, the USA alternative is its intervention to guarantee the realization of its benefits on the long run throughout causing essential changes perpetrating first the distinguished Arab cultural identity to facilitate control on the Arab nation. The task was impossible for two reasons: First, the feebleness of the Arab popular affiliation due to the technical & informative revolution that made it quite easy even on the normal Arab individual to grasp any piece of information; and watch the American, cultural product imposed on the Arab peoples in their dwellings. The marketing of American values is completed throughout TV programs & cinema films. And the pattern of daily life includes the culture of food, drink and costume, … etc. The events of September 11th. came as a fatal blow to USA, causing a change on the American strategy so as to perpetrate schemes that were long dreamt of by those called "New Conservatives" there. The USA then, from the outset of being the supreme power in the world, has dominated it, from the viewpoint of those "New Conservatives", stressing that it owns the upper word in forming & determining the fate of countries and the extent of their dominance as well as stabilizing regimes or changing them according to the American interest, being the interest of the world at the end. The USA, in other words, is the world; and this is what assures the correctness of intimidations felt by a few Americans that their country might turn into an empire practicing oppression around the world. The events of September 11th. were a real opportunity for the fanatic "New Conservatives" to prove;, to the American society & world at large, that there is necessity to uproot terrorism wherever it exists throughout preemptive wars violating lands and sanctities as well as constructing detention camps crowded with political detainees. Lastly, their mind has devised an old-new project fro the Middle East. The large Middle East project is a new series from those of American dominance on the Arab Homeland where reformation projects are imposed on the region to realize American aims. The USA is using an old expression fro the region that might extend to include non-Arab countries in it; or it might tighten to eliminate Arab ones from its framework. It talks consequently about the Arab region in its quality of being every thing except being an Arab Homeland having its historically rooted components. It is a project that contradicts outwardly with the American orientations. A true democracy in the Arab world leads to new regimes that harmonize with their peoples. In the consequence, they will reject the American dominance on their lands. The USA is concerned in the existence of loyal Arab regimes. Yet, it likes make semi-reformations that would busy the Arab people against demanding for real reformation. Last, but not least, we should illustrate that democracy can't be imported from abroad. Democracy is a discipline that is manufactured inside the Arab Homeland. It is in need for a long historical epoch to cast several factors for creating a special, singular pattern of democracy different from other democracies existing in the world. Democracy is the wide, broad title for several principles; the most important of which is the guaranty of citizens' freedom, the peoples' right in selecting their rulers and realizing the values of justice & human rights. All those principles might be realized by a new edition of a distinguished Arab democracy. The outcome of globalism, in its objective section of informative, technological revolution, has made, form the operation of democratization or change, more hurrying in the Arab countries, by witness of the communal & political motion in the Arab countries. This proves clearly that the matter of reformation or change is a matter of time, not else; and the stoppage in the face of change is a waste of time that might lead to the shed of blood and the destruction of properties; and in the end, the change will come.
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The Political Change from the Perspective of Political Islamic Movements on the West Bank and Gaza
The Political Change from the Perspective of Political Islamic Movements on the West Bank and Gaza PDF |
| Belal M. M. Shobaki |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Raid M. H. Nairat - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 154 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The decision to do a research on "The Political Change from the Perspective of Political Islamic Movements on the West Bank and Gaza" came as a result of many factors the sum of which constituted a strong and compelling reason to undertake such research. The ever growing presence of Political Islam and its impact on the Palestinian society were among the two most compelling reasons to do so. These factors, in light of the fact that none of these movements have ever had any prior experience in government or even the simple participation in such governments on the Palestinian level in the past, compelled the researcher to try to study the changes in the political agenda of Hamas, the subject of this study. In his attempt to arrive at the conclusion of this study, the researcher tried to test his Hypotheses which can be summed as follows, that in Hamas' attempt at political transformation within the scope of this study 2000-2007, the movement goals centered around transforming the basis of the Palestinian political system, the source for authorirty for the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), in addition to redefining the nature of the relationship with the Israeli occupation, all such goals were influenced by a series of factors that presented both a challenge and an opportunity for such undertaking. Testing these Hypotheses required dividing the thesis into four chapters, Chapter One discussed the importance of this study and its background explaining its Hypotheses, Methodology, in addition to outline of the research and its time period. In doing so, the researcher reviewed similar studies Previous studies. Chapter Two of this thesis, the researcher presented a conceptual discussion of the two concepts presented in his study: Political Islam and political change. After describing the ongoing debate on the use of the term political Islam to describe the phenomenon of Islamic movements involved in politics, the researcher explained the justification for the use of this term in this thesis, considering political Islam movements are such movements that has a well-defined political program and takes Islam as its source of authority which clearly defines its means and general goals, and seeks to realize those goals through the creation of its own political institutions or through existing ones. This Chapter deals also with the concept of political change defining it as the overall transformation of political structure of the society. The purpose behind this chapter, the concepts chapter, is to establish the basis for a theory by which the researcher can use to transform the abstract concepts into practical reality that can be applied to political Islam movements in general and Hamas movement in particular. This became clear in Chapter Three which dealt with the three basic constituents of political change where the researcher started with ideological foundation moving on to its systematic means and arriving at the eventual goals. The basic ideology behind all such movements springs from an Islamic framework as it is clear from the general methodology of such movements, most important of which is the graduation of transformation and its interaction with modern concepts and institutions to finally arrive at its ultimate goal, the creation of an Islamic state. All such issues, in addition to the abstract concepts discussed earlier formed the foundation for political change with Hamas so that the ideological foundation formed a common denominator with other political Islam movements. As for Hamas' methodology, it appears that it coincided completely with that of the former Muslim Brotherhood which in fact makes up its ideological roots. In Chapter Four the researcher discussed how Hamas would achieve its goals of political transformation and the source of authority for the Palestinian Authority and Palestine Liberation Organization as well the relation with Israeli occupation. From the events that took place recently, as of the date of writing this thesis, it appears that Hamas did in fact achieve, at least partially, some of these goals through the three agreements signed with other factions, namely the Cairo Agreement, the National Unity Agreement, and the Mecca Agreement. As for the PLO, the change sought by Hamas appeared to be limited to the theoretical foundation, as the practical steps taken appeared to be limited. As for the relations with Israel, Hamas' proposal materialized in a truce, an old proposition by Hamas. However, its reintroduction by Hamas recently represents larger significance deeper indications. According to the time scope of this study, Hamas' undertaking of political transformation was influenced by many factors, some of which helped to shape this transformation where others presented opportunities for its exhaustion. At the end of his thesis, the researcher has recommended that Hamas adopts the following recommendations: first to develop a political culture that is compatible with it's current position. second. the movement has to be aware of the fact that pluralism and political partnership is a core obligation for the practice and the implementation of democracy. Third, for Hamas to maintain it current standing with citizens, the movement must give special attention to projects that the citizens come in contact with and benefit from on a daily basis. He also pointed out the importance of strengthening the elements of the truce for managing the relationship with Israel, and consolidate the real concept of resistance in accordance with the concept of constructive governance.
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